Namuhla, i-Arduino ingenye yamathuluzi awusizo kakhulu okuqala kuma-elekthronikhi , njengoba yenzelwe abaculi, abaklami, abantu abathanda izinto zokuzijabulisa, nanoma ubani onesifiso sokudala amaphrojekthi e-elekthronikhi , kokubili kusofthiwe kanye nehadiwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-Arduino ayidingi ingxenye ehlukile yehadiwe ukuze ilayishe ikhodi entsha ku-microcontroller ; isebenzisa ikhebula le-USB.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwayo inguqulo elula ye-C++ , i- Arduino IDE ibonakala ngokulula kwayo kokuhlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli bhodi lingasebenzisana nezinkinobho, ama-motor, izikhulumi, amakhamera, ama-LED , amayunithi e-GPS, ama-smartphone, kanye ne-inthanethi. Lokhu kwenza kube yisisombululo sesofthiwe nehadiwe esiguquguqukayo samaphrojekthi ezemfundo noma yimuphi umsebenzi we-elekthronikhi.
Kodwa ngale kwezici zayo eziwusizo kule njongo, kubalulekile ukwazi yonke ingxenye yebhodi le-Arduino . Lezi zinto zibalulekile ekuqaleni kusukela ekuqaleni nokuhlela amaphrojekthi akho okuqala omthombo ovulekile ngendlela efanele. Ngakho-ke, ngezansi uzofunda ngamamojula akha ibhodi le-Arduino.
Zonke izingxenye ezakha ibhodi le-Arduino okudingeka uzazi ukuze ufunde ukuzihlela kusukela ekuqaleni
Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi i-Arduino iyipulatifomu yokwenza ama-elekthronikhi ngokusekelwe ebhodini elinezingxenye eziningana lapho isebenza khona njengedivayisi exhumanisa umhlaba we-analog nomhlaba wedijithali.
Ngakho-ke, ukuze sichaze kabanzi ukuthi ibhodi le-Arduino liquketheni, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ziyini izingxenye zalo nokuthi zenzani, lapha:
I-Microcontroller
Kuyisekethe ehlanganisiwe echazwa njengengxenye ecubungula lonke ulwazi , ngakho-ke, yindawo lapho ikhodi eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-Sketch" igcinwa khona kusofthiwe ye-Arduino. Ibhekwa njengobuchopho bebhodi le-Arduino futhi ichazwa ngombala wayo omnyama nezikhonkwane zensimbi.
Ngaleyo ndlela, i -microcontroller yebhodi le- Arduino isebenza njengesekethe ehlanganisiwe ehlelekayo, ngokuzenzakalelayo, enekhono lokwenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yezibalo ngesivinini esikhulu.
Izikhonkwane zedijithali
Lawa maphini athola ukuthi kukhona yini i -logic engu-ZERO noma i-ONE futhi asetshenziselwa kokubili okokufaka kwedijithali kanye nokukhipha kwedijithali . Isibonelo, angasetshenziswa ukucindezela inkinobho nokuvula i-LED , ngokulandelana. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amaphini edijithali asetshenziselwa ukucindezela izinkinobho noma kumadivayisi athumela futhi/noma athola ulwazi lwedijithali . Lawa maphini anezinombolo kusukela ku-0 kuya ku-13.
Izikhonkwane ze-analog
Lezi zikhonkwane zihambisana nendawo yezikhonkwane esigabeni "se-analog" futhi, ngenxa yalokhu, ziyakwazi ukubona izimpawu ze-analog (izinga lokushisa noma ukukhanya, isibonelo). Ukuze zenze lokhu, zinebanga le-voltage yokusebenza elishintshashintshayo phakathi kwama-volts angu-0 no-5 . Ngenxa yalokho, izikhonkwane ze-analog ziyizikhonkwane ezingafunda isignali kusuka ku-sensor ye-analog futhi ziyiguqule ibe yinani ledijithali elingaboniswa . Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngezikhonkwane ze-analog, kungenzeka ukukala izinto ezweni langempela.
Izikhonkwane zamandla zenzwa
Banikeza ugesi ongu-6-12 volt oya ngqo kumlawuli we-voltage. Lawa maphini angasetshenziswa futhi ukunika amandla i-Arduino ngamabhethri . Kodwa-ke, le ndlela ayinazo izivikelo ze-polarity kanye nokuvikelwa kwe-overcurrent.
Izikhonkwane ze-PWM
Lezi yizikhonkwane ezithile ezisebenza njengezikhonkwane zedijithali ezivamile futhi zingasetshenziswa futhi kwi-Pulse Width Modulation , noma i-PWM . Ngokwemvelo, lezi zikhonkwane zihlukaniswa nge-tilde (~) eduze kwezinye zezikhonkwane zedijithali, njenge- 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, kanye ne-11.
Phina i-AREF
Kuyiphini elilodwa , isikhathi esiningi, elingashiywa lodwa endaweni yalo. Ngokuyisisekelo, libhekisela entweni enikeza ukwesekwa kwereferensi ye-analog futhi ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziselwa ukusungula i-voltage yangaphandle yereferensi phakathi kwama-volt angu-0 nama-5. Le voltage isebenza njengomkhawulo ophezulu wamaphini okufaka i-analog.
Phina i-GND
Ebhodini le-Arduino , kuhlale kunezikhonkwane eziningana ze-GND , futhi noma yiziphi zazo zingasetshenziswa ukuxhuma isekethe emhlabathini . Yingakho igama layo, elifinyezwa ngokuthi "umhlaba ." Ukuze uyithole, iseduze nephinikhodi ye -AREF.
setha kabusha inkinobho
Lokhu kubhekisela enkinobheni yokusetha kabusha, exhunywe ngqo ukuze iphine enye ye-microcontroller . Le phini ivame ukwaziwa ngokuthi "Clear" noma "Master Clear ." Ukucindezela le nkinobho kuxhuma iphini yokusetha kabusha okwesikhashana phansi, okukuvumela ukuthi usethe kabusha noma iyiphi ikhodi elayishwe ebhodini le-Arduino.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lokhu kudinga ama-volts ama-5 ukuze kuqhutshwe uhlelo, kuyilapho inkinobho iphazamisa i-voltage ibe yi-volts ezi-0 ukuze kumiswe uhlelo olufanayo oluqhutshwa yi-Arduino , ukuze iluqale futhi.
Imbobo ye-USB
Le ngxenye, eyaziwa nangokuthi "Isixhumi se-USB ," ikuvumela ukuthi uxhume ibhodi le-Arduino kukhompyutha. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ulayishe ikhodi edingekayo futhi unike amandla ibhodi ngendlela efanele.
Isilawuli se-USB
Empeleni, ukulawula i-USB kuhilela umlawuli osebenza phakathi kwe-microcontroller nesofthiwe . Ngakho-ke, kugxile ekuguquleni ulwazi oludluliselwa yi-microcontroller lube idatha ethunyelwa kudivayisi esetshenziswayo.
Isixhumi samandla
Njengoba igama layo lisikisela, le ngxenye inikeza ikhono lokunika amandla ibhodi nge-voltage ye-DC engama-volts angu-7 kuya kwangu-12. Qaphela ukuthi isibonakaliso se-LED yamandla kufanele sikhanye njalo lapho ibhodi le-Arduino lixhunywe ku-outlet yamandla . Uma kungenjalo, kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona okungasebenzi kahle.
I-Regulador de voltaje
Ebhodini le-Arduino, isilawuli se-voltage silawula inani le-voltage esetshenziswa ebhodini . Empeleni, sisebenza njengendlela yokuphepha, sivimbela i-voltage eyengeziwe ukuthi ingangeni futhi ingase ilimaze isekethe. Lesi silawuli se-voltage sivame ukunikeza ukuphuma okuzinzile kwe-5-volt, ngaphandle kwe-voltage yokufaka.
Ukwamukelwa Okusheshayo (RX) kanye Nokudluliselwa (TX)
Lezi ziwuhlobo lophawu olusetshenziswa kuma-elekthronikhi ukukhombisa amaphini abhekene nokuxhumana okulandelanayo . Ngenxa yalokho, le ngxenye yebhodi le -Arduino Uno ikhombisa ngokubonakalayo ukuthi ibhodi lamukela noma lidlulisela idatha nini. Lokhu kudluliswa kwenzeka ngamaphini u-Zero no-One.
I-crystal
Ngokukhethekile, le ngxenye inekhono lokusetha i-pulse yokusebenza noma isikhathi se-microcontroller ukuze isebenze kahle ebhodini le-Arduino. Ngakho-ke, i-crystal uhlobo lwesekethe ye-oscillator kagesi edala isignali kagesi enemvamisa eqondile yokulawula isikhathi sokusebenza esiqondile.
Uhlu lwamakhithi e-Arduino amahle kakhulu okudala amaphrojekthi akho okuqala e-Open Source
Ukuze wakhe amasekethe nge -Arduino, udinga ikhithi ye-Arduino, ezokuvumela ukuthi udale amaphrojekthi akho ngempumelelo enkulu . Ngazo zonke izinto ezidingekayo, le khithi izosheshisa kakhulu inqubo yakho yokufunda futhi ikuvumele ukuthi uzame zonke izinhlobo zezingxenye.
Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-kit alolu hlobo atholakala emakethe, futhi amaningi awo abekwe kahle kakhulu ngokwezibalo zokuthengisa . Ngakho-ke, ungakha amaphrojekthi akho okuqala e-Open Source ngosizo lwe- Arduino kit.
Ngezansi, sizokwethula amamodeli amahlanu amahle kakhulu atholakalayo namuhla, sichaza izici zawo eziyinhloko:
I-Elegoo MEGA 2560
Okokuqala, sinale khithi ephelele yabantu abathanda izinto zokuzijabulisa, ehlanganisa inzwa ye-GY-61, esebenza nemojuli ye-LCD1602, futhi yakhiwe ngezingxenye ezingaphezu kuka-200 . Lokhu kuyivumela ukuthi yenze zonke izinhlobo zokuhlolwa futhi kuyenze ifanelekele izinhlobo eziningi zamaphrojekthi.
Kulokhu, inamathuluzi amangalisayo njengemoto ye-stepper yokuzijwayeza ukuhambisa izingxenye ezahlukene, inzwa ye-ultrasonic yokulinganisa amabanga nokubona ukunyakaza , ifeni encane yokuhlola ukudluliselwa kwamandla, amabhalbhu e-LED anemibala eminingi angu-25 , nokuningi.
Ngakho-ke, ukuze uqale kusukela ekuqaleni, kuyalulekwa ukusebenzisa le khithi ye-Arduino. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezingxenye zayo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezesekeli, inikeza abasebenzisi inkululeko yokudala zonke izinhlobo zamaphrojekthi nokukhulula umcabango wabo . Kodwa-ke, ngeshwa, ayinayo i-gyroscope eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yokuqhuba amaphrojekthi adinga ulwazi lwesiqondiso.
I-XCSOURCE Arduino TE167
Le khithi inikeza izingcezu ezingaphezu kwe-100 futhi ifaka izesekeli ezahlukahlukene ukuze kube lula ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, ifanele kokubili abaqalayo abanolwazi oluyisisekelo kanye nabasebenzisi abaphakathi, ivala igebe phakathi kwamazinga abaqalayo kanye nochwepheshe.
Manje, uma sibheka izingxenye zayo ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-XCSOURCE Arduino TE167 ifaka ibhodi elincane lokubhaka, isivikelo sesibonelo, izinzwa, izinkinobho zokucindezela, ama-resistor, izibonisi ezihlukanisiwe, izintambo ze-jumper, nezinye izingxenye eziningi ezihlanganiswe ukudala umkhiqizo wokugcina wobuchwepheshe ngempela. Phakathi kwezinye izici, iza nebhokisi lokugcina zonke izingxenye ukuze kube lula ukuzithutha, yize ingafaki isikhwama sokuthwala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwezinzuzo zayo eziyinhloko, siphawula ukuthi ifanele abaqalayo abafuna ukufunda kabanzi ngebhodi le-Arduino futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ivuselela ubuhlakani babo ngenxa yenani lamathuluzi eliwanikezayo (ama-LED angu-15, izinkinobho zokucindezela ezingu-8, izinzwa zomlilo, ukuthambekela, kanye nokushisa, njll.). Kodwa-ke, ayifaki incwadi yemiyalelo echaza ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani ngendlela efanele.
I-Arduino Starter Kit
Le khithi ye-Arduino iyindlela enhle kakhulu yabaqalayo . Ibhekwa njengenye yamakhithi ayisisekelo kakhulu ngoba ikuvumela kuphela ukuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi ayi-15 ngosizo lwencwadi yemiyalelo enikeza izincazelo ezicacile nezisebenzayo ukuze kube lula inqubo yokuklama. Njengoba ilungele abaqalayo, ayidingi ukushiswa nge-solder ezimweni eziningi, okuyinzuzo enkulu kubasebenzisi.
Iphinde ifake izingxenye ezinikeza izinhlobo ezahlukene zezesekeli ezibalulekile ekuqedeni noma yimuphi umsebenzi kusukela ekuqaleni, njenge: izisekelo zokufaka, amabhodi okulingisa, izinkinobho zokucindezela, izinzwa, izintambo ze-jumper, ama-potentiometer, ama-resistor, nama-diode . Ngenxa yalokhu, azidingi izingxenye eziningi ezengeziwe ukuthola umsebenzi wokugcina ophumelelayo.
Manje, ngokuphathelene nezinzuzo zayo eziyinhloko, ifanelekela bonke ubudala (phakathi kweminyaka engu-9 no-99 ubudala) , futhi iza nencwadi yemiyalelo enamakhasi angu-170 echaza amaphrojekthi angenziwa ngale khithi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikuvumela ukuthi ulawule umhlaba ongokoqobo usebenzisa izinzwa nama-actuator ngokusebenzisa zonke izingxenye ezifakiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhithi isekela ibhethri elingu-9-volt ngakho-ke inganika amandla amaphrojekthi aklanywe ngokuzimela.
I-Elegoo MEGA 2560 NANO
Le khithi ye-Arduino inikeza izingcezu ezingu-300 sezizonke , okwenza ibe yisisombululo esiphelele kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlukile kwezinye ngokunikeza isilinganiso esihle kakhulu sekhwalithi nentengo ngoba, naphezu kokufaka izingxenye eziningi kangaka, ingenye yamakhithi angabizi kakhulu atholakala emakethe. Le modeli ethile ibiza ama-euro angu-20 kuphela.
Phakathi kweminye imininingwane, i-Elegoo MEGA 2560 NANO iyikhithi ye-Arduino enconywe ochwepheshe abaningi, ngenxa yekhono layo lokunikeza isingeniso esifanele emhlabeni we-Arduino , futhi ngoba zonke izingxenye ezifakiwe zithuthukisa ulwazi lomsebenzisi. Ngokuphathelene nemiyalelo yayo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ayinikezi incwadi yemiyalelo ebonakalayo, kodwa inikeza iwebhusayithi enezinsiza ezahlukahlukene zolwazi ukusiza abasebenzisi bafunde futhi basebenzise le khithi ngempumelelo.
Phakathi kwezinzuzo zayo, sithola ukuthi ihambisana kakhulu , okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuyisebenzisa nama-Arduino IDE kits kanye nama-starter kits ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezingcezu ezingu-300, iyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwephrojekthi futhi ayidingi ezinye izingxenye . Kodwa-ke, ugesi awufaki i-adaptha futhi kunconywa ukuyisebenzisa nesixhumi se-9V DC noma nge-USB.
Kuman K4-UK
Le khithi inikeza izingxenye ezingu-44, okwenza kube lula ukuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene. Ibhekwa njengenye yezinketho ezinhle kakhulu zabasebenzisi abafuna ukujwayelana ngokushesha nendawo ye-Arduino ngaphandle kokudinga inani elikhulu lezingxenye. Ezibaluleke kakhulu kuphela ezidingekayo ukuze kutholakale imiphumela emihle.
Kulokhu, ikhithi ifaka amabhodi esekethe amancane, ama-LED anemibala eminingi, amabhodi esinkwa, ama-buzzers, izinzwa zokushisa , ama-resistor, isilawuli kude, nokuningi . Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphakheji iqukethe i-CD-ROM enezincwadi zomsebenzisi, izifundo, kanye neziqondiso zephrojekthi ukuze kube lula kakhulu inqubo . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivelele njengenye yamakhithi angabizi kakhulu atholakalayo njengamanje.
Ngakho-ke, kuyindlela enhle kulabo abafuna ukuthenga ikhithi engabizi futhi esebenza kahle . Enye yezinto ezithengiswa kakhulu ngokungangabazeki isikrini sayo se-LCD esine-LED backlighting , esingabonisa imigqa emibili enezinhlamvu ezingu-16. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlukile kwezinye ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo , okwenza ifaneleke kuwo wonke umuntu kusukela kwabaqalayo abangenalo ulwazi lwe-elekthronikhi kuya kubafundi nonjiniyela, ngenxa yemisebenzi eyahlukahlukene enikezayo.
Funda ukuthi ungayikhetha kanjani ikhithi ye-Arduino engcono kakhulu
Ukuze unqume ukuthi iyiphi ikhithi ye-Arduino engcono kakhulu emakethe , kubalulekile ukucabangela izici eziningana ezivumela ukuthi ikalwe njengenketho engcono kakhulu, ngaphezu kwezinye izixazululo.
Ngakho-ke, ukuze sikusize ukhethe ikhithi ye-Arduino efanele wena, sincoma ukuthi ucabangele lezi zinhlaka ezilandelayo lapho ukhetha:
- Inani lezingcezu noma izintoLesi yisici esibaluleke kakhulu sokuhlukanisa ikhithi ye-Arduino njengefaneleke kakhulu kunawo wonke. Uma ubheka ukuthi, uma inezingxenye eziningi, Kuzokuvumela ukuthi uzame izindlela eziningi zokuhlela, futhi lokhu kuzoba wusizo ekudaleni amaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene.Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukho zinto ezengeziwe ezizodingeka zengezwe.
- Izinhlobo zezingxenyeKubalulekile ukuthi ikhithi ye-Arduino ifake izinto eziyisisekelo ukuze kufezwe iphrojekthi ephumelelayo. ama-resistor, ama-sensor, izixhumi, izinkinobho zokucindezela, ama-LED, isikrini se-LCD, njll..
- Iziqondiso zomsebenzisi noma izifundoUkuze kwenziwe amaphrojekthi abe lula futhi asheshe, kuyasiza kakhulu uma ikhithi inikeza izifundo noma izincwadi zomsebenzisi. Sebenzisa izingxenye ngendlela efanele kakhulu futhi ugweme amaphutha.
- Isikhwama sokugcina izingcezuUma ikhithi okukhulunywa ngayo ifaka ibhokisi noma ibhokisi lokugcina izingxenye zalo, kuzoba lula kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, ngaphezu kokugcina konke kuhlelekile kahle, Uzokwazi ukuyithutha ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu..
