Uma sikhuluma ngezinhlelo zokusebenza, abantu abaningi bavele bagxumele ezinsolweni ezivamile njengeWindows noma iLinux. Kodwa-ke, kukhona uhlelo oluqinile noluthakazelisayo olubizwa ngeBerkeley Software Distribution (BSD) olufanele ukubhekisiswa kahle. Akuyona nje i-clone elula, kodwa inzalo eqondile ye-UNIX, uhlelo oludumile lwango-60 olwabeka isisekelo sekhompyutha yesimanje, kusukela kumaseva anika amandla iwebhu kuya kumadivayisi esiwaphethe emaphaketheni ethu.
Okwenza leli qembu lezinhlelo libe elikhethekile ngempela akuyona nje ukwakheka kwalo kobuchwepheshe, kodwa nefilosofi yalo yokunikeza amalayisense esofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile . Livulekile futhi livumela kakhulu kangangokuthi licishe libe semphakathini, livumela imiphakathi yokuzithandela kanye nezinkampani ezinkulu ukuthi zivumelanise ikhodi nezidingo zazo ngaphandle kwemingcele eqinile yezinye ilayisense ze-copyleft. Lokhu kuguquguquka yingakho i-DNA kaBerkeley isaphila futhi isesimweni esihle kakhulu ezingxenyeni eziningi zehadiwe yanamuhla.
Umsuka: Impi yezomthetho eyathela izithelo
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi sifike kanjani lapha, kufanele sibuyele kuma-Bell Labs e-AT&T. Ngaleso sikhathi, bavumela iNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley ukuthi isebenzise ikhodi ye-UNIX ocwaningweni lwayo. Konke kwakuhamba kahle kwaze kwaba yilapho i-AT&T inquma ukuthi ibhizinisi liza kuqala kunezemfundo futhi yahoxisa imvume, eyaphela ngempikiswano yezomthetho engenangqondo.
Kunokuba bayeke, izifundiswa zaseBerkeley zakha inguqulo yazo, zazala i-BSD. Lo msebenzi awuzange usinde nje kuphela kule ngxabano kodwa futhi wenze iminikelo esiyithatha kalula manje. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe- TCP/IP protocol suite , evumela i-inthanethi ukuthi isebenze njengoba siyazi, i-Fast FileSystem, kanye nokuphathwa kwememori ebonakalayo okudingwayo konke kwaqala lapha.
Kuwo wonke ama-70 nama-80, uhlelo lwashintsha kusukela kumatheyiphu okuqala e-1BSD athunyelwe nguBill Joy kuya ezinguqulweni eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njenge-3BSD, eyayivele ifaka imemori ebonakalayo yokwakhiwa kwe-VAX. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-80, ichweba le-4.3BSD-Tahoe laliyisihluthulelo ekuhlukaniseni ikhodi encike kwihadiwe nekhodi engaxhomeke kwihadiwe, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuphatheka kwesistimu esikhathini esizayo.
Izinsika ezintathu eziyisisekelo ze-ecosystem
Nakuba kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene, amaphrojekthi amathathu avelele njengomgogodla womndeni. Eyokuqala yi -FreeBSD , mhlawumbe ethandwa kakhulu kunawo wonke. Ukugxila kwayo okuyinhloko ukusebenza okuphezulu kanye nokulula kokusetshenziswa, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kwabahlinzeki bokuqukethwe kwewebhu kanye namaseva okugcina. Isebenza kahle kuzakhiwo ze-x86 kanye ne-64-bit ARM futhi iphawuleka ngesisekelo sayo esikhulu sabanikeli abasebenzayo.
Bese sine -NetBSD , ethanda kakhulu ukuphatheka kalula. Isiqubulo sayo esithi, "vele isebenzisa i-NetBSD," sifingqa ikhono layo lokusebenza cishe kunoma iyiphi ihadiwe, kusukela kumishini yasemkhathini ye-PDA endala kuya ku-NASA. Ifaka uhlelo lwephakheji olubizwa nge- pkgsrc , oluyisimangaliso sangempela sobunjiniyela sokuphatha isofthiwe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamapulatifomu.
Okokugcina, kukhona i-OpenBSD , lapho ukuphepha kanye ne-cryptography kubaluleke kakhulu. Yasungulwa nguTheo de Raadt ngo-1995, ikhodi yayo ibuyekezwa ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo "luphephile ngokuzenzakalelayo ." Ngokukhubaza noma yiziphi izinsizakalo ezingadingekile emishinini yokukhiqiza, iba ithuluzi elifanele lokwakha ama-firewall athembekile kakhulu noma izinhlelo zokuthola ukungena.
Izinto ezisuselwe kwesimanje kanye nokukhethekile
Kulezi ziqhwaga, kuye kwavela amaphrojekthi amaningi aqondile. I-DragonFly BSD , isibonelo, yavela njengefoloko le-FreeBSD lokubhala kabusha ukuphathwa kwemali kanye nokucubungula okuningi (i-SMP), inikela ohlelweni olusha lwefayela le-HAMMER , oluqondiswe kumaseva asebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nokubala okuthengiselana.
Uma ufuna okuthile okulula ukusebenzisa ideskithophu, i-GhostBSD iyisinqumo esifanele. Ngokusekelwe ku-FreeBSD, inikeza ulwazi "olungavamile" ngezimo ezifana ne-MATE nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifakiwe ngaphambilini, okusindisa abasebenzisi ekubeni babhekane nobunzima ne-terminal kusukela ekuqaleni. Ngokufanayo kukhona i- MidnightBSD , ehlanganisa ikhodi evela emagatsheni ahlukahlukene futhi isebenzisa i-Xfce ukuheha abasebenzisi abavela kwi-Linux.
Kukhona futhi amathuluzi akhethekile kakhulu afana ne -NomadBSD , aklanyelwe ukuba uhlelo lwe-UNIX oluphathekayo kudrayivu ye-USB, olufanele imisebenzi yokutakula nokulungisa, noma amaphrojekthi okuxhumana njenge -pfSense kanye ne-OPNSense , okuyizicishamlilo ezinamandla kakhulu ezisekelwe ku-FreeBSD futhi ezisetshenziswa ezinkampanini emhlabeni jikelele. Asikwazi ukukhohlwa i-TrueNAS (eyayikade i-FreeNAS) noma i-XigmaNAS, ezigxile kwisitoreji esinamathiselwe kunethiwekhi.
Ilayisensi ye-BSD kanye nomthelela wayo embonini
Kubalulekile ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwe-GPL kanye ne-BSD License. Nakuba eyokuqala "i-viral" futhi idinga ukuthi imisebenzi esuselwe kuyo ihlale imahhala, i-BSD License iyavumela . Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkampani ingathatha ikhodi, iyishintshe, bese iyithengisa njengomkhiqizo ovaliwe ngaphandle kwesidingo sokudalula izinguquko zayo, inqobo nje uma igcina isaziso sokuqala se-copyright.
Lesi sici siholele ekutheni i-DNA kaBerkeley ivele ezindaweni ezingalindelekile. I-Darwin kernel ka-Apple , isisekelo se-macOS ne-iOS, isebenzisa inani elikhulu lekhodi ye-FreeBSD. Ngokufanayo, ama-consoles afana ne- PlayStation 4 ne-Nintendo Switch asebenzisa izinhlobo zalezi zinhlelo ukuphatha izinqubo zawo zangaphakathi, okubonisa ukuthi ukuzinza kwe-BSD kubaluleke kakhulu embonini yemidlalo.
Kukhona ngisho namaphrojekthi afana ne -Void Linux , yize engasebenzisi i-kernel ye-BSD, alingisa ifilosofi yayo ekuphathweni kwephakheji kanye nobulula besistimu yokuqalisa. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ithonya le-BSD lidlulela ngale kwekhodi yalo; limelela indlela yokuqonda ukubala ngokusekelwe ekulula nasekuqineni kobuchwepheshe.
I-BSD vs. GNU/Linux: Yimuphi umehluko?
Abantu abaningi badidanisa i-BSD ne-Linux ngoba zombili ziwumthombo ovulekile futhi zisebenzisa i-terminal, kodwa ngaphansi kwe-hood zihlukene kakhulu. Umehluko omkhulu usemodelini yokuthuthukisa: ku-Linux, une-kernel ngakolunye uhlangothi kanye namathuluzi e-GNU kolunye; ku-BSD, i-kernel kanye namathuluzi ayinhloko athuthukiswa njengephrojekthi eyodwa, ehlangene.
Ngokuphathelene nehadiwe, iLinux iwina ukuhambisana. Ukusekelwa kwe-BSD kunqunyelwe kakhulu, futhi eminye imisebenzi ye-laptop ingase ingasebenzi ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, i-BSD inikeza ukuzinza kwesakhiwo kanye nokuphathwa kwenethiwekhi abaningi abakubheka njengokungcono kakhulu. Kulabo abazimisele ukushintsha, izinzuzo zifaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi athuthukile njenge -ZFS noma i-DTrace , yize ijika lokufunda liphakeme kakhulu.
Lo mndeni wonke wezinhlelo umelela umongo wobunjiniyela bokunemba, ohlinzeka ngezixazululo ezisukela ekuphepheni okukhulu ku-OpenBSD kuya esisekelweni samadivayisi athandwa kakhulu emakethe namuhla, ohlala egcina ukuqina nokusebenza kahle kobuchwepheshe njengezindinganiso zawo eziyinhloko.
