Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iMicrosoft Windows izibonakalise njengenye yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziphelele kakhulu . Ngenxa yalokho, ibusa imakethe futhi ifakwa kumakhompyutha angaphezu kuka-90% anokufinyelela kwe-inthanethi.
Ngale ndlela, uhlelo olunjalo lokusebenza lungachazwa njengeqoqo lezinhlelo ezenza kube lula ukuphathwa kwezinsizakusebenza ze-PC. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi uma ubheka intuthuko enkulu eyenze eminyakeni yayo engama-36 ikhona . Ngakho-ke, kubhekwa njengokubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinguqulo ze-Windows ezikhona kuze kube manje.
Yingakho, kulokhu okuthunyelwe, sizogxila ekuchazeni izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ezizungeze imvelaphi kanye nokuvela kweMicrosoft Windows . Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizochaza ngokulandelana kwezikhathi izinguqulo ezaziwayo zalolu hlelo lokusebenza, sigqamise izici zazo ezithakazelisa kakhulu.
Yiziphi izici eziyingqayizivele ezazinazo inguqulo yokuqala ye-Windows?
Ukuze uqale ukufunda kabanzi ngezinsuku zokuqala zeMicrosoft Windows, kubalulekile ukuchaza izici eziyinhloko zenguqulo yayo yokuqala. Singakubonisa lokhu ngokuchaza kancane ngemvelaphi nomlando walolu hlelo lokusebenza oludumile.
Origen
Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza okukhulunywa ngalo luqanjwe ngegama lesiNgisi elisho "ifasitela" ngesiSpanishi, futhi-ke, lihlotshaniswa nendlela uhlelo oluveza ngayo izinsiza zekhompyutha kumsebenzisi, ngaleyo ndlela lwenze kube lula ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi evamile eyenziwa kwi-PC.
Lolu hlelo lwekhompyutha lwasungulwa futhi lwathengiswa kusukela ngo-1985 yiMicrosoft, inkampani eyasungulwa nguBill Gates eminyakeni eyishumi ngaphambili. Okusho ukuthi, ngo-1975, iMicrosoft yaqala ukusabalalisa uhlelo lokusebenza oludala lwe-MS-DOS.
Ekuqaleni, iWindows yadalwa njengesengezo ku-MS-DOS kuphela . Kodwa-ke, ngenxa ye-Graphical User Interface (GUI) yayo entsha, yayibhekwa njengenye yezixazululo zekhompyutha ezinhle kakhulu ezake zanikezwa.
Nakuba ngokuqinisekile yayinemikhawulo ethile, okuhlanganisa ukungakwazi ukufaka ibhini lokusebenzisa kabusha noma amafasitela ahambisanayo , i-Apple yakuvimbela lokhu ukuze ivikele uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza futhi ivimbele i-Microsoft ekukopisheni umkhiqizo wayo.
historia
Ngokuphathelene nomlando wayo, i-Microsoft Windows ayizange ibe nesiqalo esilula njengoba umphakathi ungase ucabange. Lolu hlelo lokusebenza lwagxekwa kakhulu futhi lwasolwa ngokuncintisana okungafanele ne-Apple , futhi ngenxa yalokho, lwangena empikiswaneni enkulu.
Kodwa-ke, ngemva kwalokhu, futhi ngenxa yokuthandwa kwayo njengesofthiwe yamahhala ekhula njalo futhi ethuthukayo, yathola ukuchuma okumangalisayo futhi yaheha abakhiqizi nabathengi abaningi. Lokhu kwaqala ngenguqulo 1.0, eyayiqasha abahleli bezinhlelo ababalelwa ku-55 futhi yakhululwa ngoNovemba 20, 1985.
Le nguqulo ekuqaleni yayizobizwa ngokuthi "i-Interface Manager ," kodwa omunye wabaphathi bokumaketha be-Microsoft uphakamise ukuthi kungcono ukuyibiza ngokuthi "i-Windows" ukuze ikhange imakethe ebanzi. Empeleni, yayisekela ukusetshenziswa kwegundane, ihluzo zesikrini, kanye namaphrinta angasebenzisi amadivayisi, kanye namamenyu okudonsela phansi.
Ukulandelana kwezikhathi kwazo zonke izinguqulo ezikhona zesistimu yokusebenza ye-Windows
Manje, sesifinyelele engxenyeni yeposi lapho sizochaza khona yonke inguqulo ye-Microsoft Windows ekhona. Sizokwenza lokhu ngokulandelana kwezikhathi, vele, sigqamise izici ezibaluleke kakhulu , kanje:
Windows 1.0
Usuku lokukhishwa: Novemba 20, 1985
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, inguqulo yokuqala ye-Windows yayaziwa ngokuthi i-1.0, okwakungabizwa ngokuthi "i-Interface Manager ," kodwa ngemva kokuhlaziya izici ezithile zokumaketha, banquma ukuyibiza ngokuthi "i-Windows . "
Phakathi kwazo zonke izinguqulo, lena yagqama ngokugxekwa eyakuthola ngokuba uhlobo "lwekhophi" lwesixhumi esibonakalayo se-Apple . Ngempela, yayingenakufaka izici ezithile zendabuko ze-Apple, njengebhini lokuphinda usebenzise. Lezi zengezwe kamuva ngemva kokufinyelela esivumelwaneni ne-Apple.
Uma sicabangela eminye imininingwane, singasho ukuthi i-Windows 1.0 yasungulwa njengesengezo sesithombe sohlelo lokusebenza lwe-DOS. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isici sayo esisha esibaluleke kakhulu kwakuwukungezwa nje kwe-Control Panel.
Windows 2.0
Idethi yokukhishwa: Disemba 09, 1987
Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, kwakhishwa inguqulo yesibili esemthethweni yesistimu yokusebenza. Nakuba futhi yaklanywa ukuze isebenze njengesengezo ku-MS-DOS, yathola ukuthandwa okukhulu kancane kuneyangaphambili.
Kulokhu, impumelelo yayo ibangelwe ukufakwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha ukuze kube lula imisebenzi ethile kubasebenzisi bayo, okuhlanganisa i-Excel ne-Word . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingeze namafasitela ahambisanayo, izithonjana, namafayela e-PIF ohlelweni lokusebenza lwe-Microsoft DOS.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le nguqulo ithole izibuyekezo iminyaka eyi-14 , ngakho-ke yayinokusekelwa kobuchwepheshe okuvela enkampanini kwaze kwaba ngu-2001.
Windows NT
Usuku lokukhishwa: Novemba 1988
Ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwe-Windows NT, ngaphezu kwenguqulo 2.0, ezinye izinguqulo zazaziwa, njenge- Windows/286 2.10 kanye ne-Windows/386 2.10 . Lezi zakhishwa cishe ngoMeyi 27, 88, futhi zazibonakala ngokusebenzisa imemori yemodi yangempela kanye nokusekela, okokuqala, i-HMA noma i-High Memory Area.
Kodwa-ke, ngalowo nyaka ofanayo, iWindows NT yavela ngemuva kokuba inkampani iqashe iDigital Equipment Corporation , iqembu labathuthukisi eliholwa nguDave Cutler. Yayibhekwa njengenye yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibaluleke kakhulu zesikhathi sayo ngoba yayisebenza kumasethi amaningi emiyalelo yokwakha amakhompyutha kanye namapulatifomu ehadiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yayingeyokuqala ukwethula i-Win32 API.
Kodwa-ke, le nguqulo ye-Windows ayizange iboniswe esidlangalaleni kwaze kwaba ngu-2001. Ngaleso sikhathi, yayibizwa ngokuthi "i-Windows Advanced Server for LAN Manager" futhi yethulwa engqungqutheleni yabathuthukisi.
Windows 3.0
Usuku lokukhishwa: Meyi 22, 1990
Ngo-1990, iMicrosoft yakhipha i-Windows 3.0, eyayinezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinguqulo zangaphambilini. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje, yayisasebenzisa isikhombimsebenzisi esibonakalayo sesistimu yokusebenza ye-MS-DOS.
Le nguqulo ye-OS yethule i -File Manager kanye ne-Program Manager okokuqala. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi le nguqulo yasebenza njengesisekelo senye yezinguqulo zakamuva ezibaluleke kakhulu (ikakhulukazi, inguqulo 3.1, esizoyichaza ngezansi).
Windows 3.1
Usuku lokukhishwa: 06 Ephreli 1992
Ngokukhishwa kwenguqulo 3.0, ukwakheka nokuthuthukiswa kweMicrosoft Windows 3.1 kwaqala, ekuqaleni eyayibizwa ngokuthi "iJanus." Ngenxa yohlelo lwayo lwefonti lwe-TrueType, olwaziwa ngamafonti alo afundeka kalula, iWindows yabhekwa njengeplatifomu esebenzayo okokuqala, futhi efanele ukuba uhlelo lokusebenza oluzimele kwiMicrosoft DOS.
Kulokhu, i-Windows 3.1 iphumelele kakhulu ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwayo amafonti e-TrueType kanye nezinye izithuthukisi ezibalulekile zezithombe . Ngenxa yalokho, i-Windows idlule uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-IBM ngokuthengisa, futhi umsebenzi waqala ekubuyekezweni okusha okubizwa ngokuthi "i-Windows 3.11," okwaletha ukuthengisa okukhulu nakakhulu.
Windows 95
Usuku lokukhishwa: Agasti 24, 1995
Ekuqaleni, le nguqulo ye-Windows yayaziwa ngegama lekhodi iChicago futhi yayigxile kubathengi ngokuphelele . Yayiyisistimu yokusebenza eyenzelwe ukusekela imisebenzi eminingi yokulungiselela, futhi olunye lwezinguquko zayo ezinkulu lwabonakala kukhodi yayo yama-bit angu-32.
Kodwa-ke, iChicago ishiye ezinye izingxenye zekhodi ku-16-bit, kodwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imodi yangempela ngqo ngenxa yokusebenza, ukuhambisana, kanye nesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa. Ngaphambi nje kokukhishwa kwayo, banquma ukuqamba inguqulo ngokuthi "iWindows 95," futhi yanikeza izinzuzo ezintathu ezibalulekile:
- Kwakungenakwenzeka ukusebenzisa le OS kuzinguqulo ze-DOS ezingezona eze-Microsoft. Ngamanye amazwi, Yamukelwa kuphela ku-MS-DOS.
- Lokhu kusebenza kuphela ku-386 kumodi ethuthukisiwe, ngememori ebonakalayo kanye nesikhala sekheli esingu-32-bit. Ngakho-ke, kungaba nayo I-RAM ebonakalayo engu-2 GB.
- Yengeze imenyu yokuqala kanye nebha yomsebenzi, njenge ukwesekwa kwe-inthanethi okufakiwe.
Windows 98
Usuku lokukhishwa: Juni 25, 1998
Kusukela kule nguqulo yesistimu yokusebenza, kwenziwe intuthuko enkulu yezithombe, eyayibonakala kakhulu kunasezinguqulweni ezindala. Yayiphawuleka futhi ngokufaka idrayivu ye-DVD kanye ne-USB port . Lokhu kwakubaluleke kakhulu uma ubheka ukuthi, ngalesi sikhathi, izidingo zesofthiwe kanye nehadiwe zaziba nzima kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yamaphutha athile abangelwe yisiphequluli se-Internet Explorer, inkampani yanquma ukukhipha inguqulo yesibili ye-Windows 98 ngo-1999. Le nguqulo, eyayisebenza ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Windows 98 Second Edition," ayizange isuse la maphutha kuphela kodwa futhi yavumela amakhompyutha amaningi ukuthi axhumeke ku-inthanethi efanayo ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inguqulo ye-Windows 98 yayisekelwa yi-Microsoft kuphela kwaze kwaba nguJulayi 2006 , okungukuthi, iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili iyonke.
Windows 2000
Idethi yokukhishwa: February 17, 2000
Phakathi nalo nyaka, abasebenzisi baqale ukuthenga inguqulo ephelele ye-Windows 2000. Le nguqulo yayisekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-NT benye yezinguqulo zangaphambilini futhi yayibhekwa njengohlelo lokusebenza oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Ngemva kwalokho, ikakhulukazi ngomhlaka-14 Septhemba walowo nyaka ofanayo, kwaqalwa inguqulo entsha ebizwa ngokuthi “i-Windows Millennium Edition” , kwathi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, ngomhlaka-29 Septhemba, kwakhishwa “i-Windows 2000 Datacenter Server” , okwakuyinguqulo esekelwa amaprosesa angu-32 ngakho-ke, yayihloselwe izinhlelo ezinkulu zokubala.
Windows XP
Usuku lokukhishwa: Okthoba 25, 2001
Ngemva konyaka owodwa nje, i-Windows XP yakhululwa, okusalokhu ingenye yezinguqulo ezaziwa kakhulu kuze kube namuhla. Yaphawula ushintsho olukhulu kwi-Microsoft Windows, ngenxa yokuthuthuka okumangalisayo kwezithombe, ukuphendula okukhulu, kanye nokwenyuka okukhulu kwesivinini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Windows XP iyaziwa ngokuba uhlelo lokusebenza lokuqala lwe-Microsoft olunikeza inguqulo engu-64-bit . Iphinde yafaka izici ezinhle kakhulu njengokubethela amafayela esistimu, usizo olukude, kanye nokusekelwa kwenethiwekhi ye-Wi-Fi. Lezi nezinye izici eziningi zinegalelo empumelelweni yayo ebalulekile emakethe yesistimu yokusebenza yomhlaba wonke.
Windows Vista
Idethi yokukhishwa: Januwari 30, 2007
Kwadlula iminyaka eyisithupha ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe inguqulo entsha esemthethweni ye-Microsoft Windows. Inqubo yayo yokuthuthukisa yaphela ngoNovemba 08, 2006, futhi yenziwa yatholakala ukuze ithengiswe ngamalayisense amakhulu ezinkampanini ezinkulu ngoNovemba 30, 2006. Kodwa-ke, ayizange ikhishwe emphakathini kwaze kwaba ngu-2007.
Phakathi kwezici zayo ezithakazelisayo kakhulu, siqokomisa ukuthi le nguqulo ingatholakala ngqo kwiwebhusayithi ye-Microsoft, lapho kwakulula ukuyithenga nokuyilanda khona. Yayihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezithombe kanye nohlelo lwe-Windows Anytime Upgrade lokuthuthukisa izinguqulo ezintsha. Kodwa-ke, kwakungeyona uhlelo lokusebenza oluphumelele kakhulu; empeleni, lubhekwa njengenye yezinkinga ezinkulu zenkampani.
Lokhu kwehluleka kubangelwa inani elikhulu lamaphutha eliwabonisile ku-interface, naphezu kokulindela okuphezulu kwenkampani. Ngenxa yalokho, yagcina isiyisistimu yokusebenza ehamba kancane kakhulu futhi ivame kakhulu ukulayisha ngokweqile.
Windows 7
Usuku lokukhishwa: Okthoba 22, 2009
Nakuba ukuthuthukiswa kwayo kwaqedwa ngoJulayi 22, 2009, ayizange ikhishwe kwaze kwaba ngu-Okthoba walowo nyaka ofanayo. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa, okwathatha iminyaka emibili ngemva kwe-Vista, kwakuyindlela ye-Microsoft yokulungisa zonke izinkinga ezazihlupha eyandulelayo.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-Windows 7 inikeze uhlelo lokusebenza olusebenza kahle kakhulu olunezithuthuko ezinkulu ekuphepheni, ekusebenzeni, nakwezinye izidingo ezibalulekile zesistimu . Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakuyinguqulo ye-Windows evumelana ngokugcwele nokusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezinezikrini zokuthinta.
Phakathi kwezinye izici eziphawulekayo, le nguqulo ifake nokusekelwa komsebenzisi okuthuthukisiwe. Lokhu kusize ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezivamile zesistimu yokusebenza futhi kwabonisa ibha yomsebenzi ehlelwe kabusha enesistimu yesithonjana esihle kakhulu , okwaholela esibonakalayo esingcono kakhulu.
Windows 8
Usuku lokukhishwa: Okthoba 26, 2012
Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, inkampani yakhipha i-Windows 8, eyasungulwa kanye nohlelo lwakamuva lwesistimu yokusebenza ye-Windows Server. Phakathi kwezici zayo ezibalulekile neziphawuleka kakhulu kwakuwukungezwa kokusekelwa kwama-microprocessor e-ARM okokuqala, ngaphezu kwama-microprocessor endabuko e-x86 avela ku-AMD kanye ne-Intel.
Ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwayo komsebenzisi, iguqulwe ukuze ivumelane kangcono nokusetshenziswa kwayo kuma-touchscreens , futhi-ke, nezinhlelo zendabuko ezinekhibhodi negundane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iklanyelwe ukuba uhlelo lokusebenza olusebenza yonke indawo, oluzimele kwipulatifomu efakwe kuyo.
Kodwa-ke, yayinezinguquko ezithile uma kuqhathaniswa neyangaphambili, iWindows 7. Umphumela we-Aero Glass wawungasekho ohlelweni lokusebenza, njengoba wathathelwa indawo yimiphumela emisha eyisicaba enombala olula wamafasitela nezinkinobho.
Windows 10
Usuku lokukhishwa: Julayi 29, 2015
Kuze kube manje, lena inguqulo yakamuva ekhishwe yi-Microsoft Windows. Njengohlelo lokusebenza olubonakala ngokusekelwa kwalo kwama-PC, ama-laptop, namadivayisi eselula , inezinhlobo eziningana, okuyilezi:
- Windows 10 Ikhaya
- I-Windows 10 Pro
- I-Windows 10 Enterprise
- I-Windows 10 Education
- I-Windows 10 Mobile (yamafoni eselula)
- I-Windows 10 S (yamadivayisi okuthinta asebenzisa amandla aphansi, njengamathebhulethi)
- I-Windows 10 IoT Core
- I-Windows 10 Pro yezindawo zokusebenza (yamakhompyutha noma izindawo zokusebenza ezinamathuba aphezulu).
Lokhu kwenza kube yinguqulo entsha ye-Windows, enemenyu yokuqala ene-interface ye-Modern UI ehlanganiswe neye-Windows 7. Iphinde ifake isikhungo sesaziso, amadeskithophu amaningi, ikhombisa izinguquko kwezinye izithonjana zesistimu, ngisho nohlelo lokusebenza lokubika amaphutha . Ngaphezu kwalokho, isekela imodi yokuthinta futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kwemisebenzi eminingi.
Izoba yini inguqulo elandelayo ye-Windows, futhi yini esingayilindela kuyo?
Ngokusho kweminye imithombo engekho emthethweni, i-Windows 10 kulinganiselwa ukuthi izofika esiphelweni sayo ngo-Okthoba 14, 2025. Ukusekelwa okunwetshiwe kuzoqhubeka kuze kube yilolo suku , kanti ukwesekwa okujwayelekile kuphela ngo-Okthoba 13, 2020. Cishe ngo-2018, kwembulwa ukuthi i-Windows 11 izokhishwa maduze.
Vele, iningi labasebenzisi lilindele ukuthi iMicrosoft yenze izinguquko ezinkulu kule nguqulo. Lokhu kungasho ukwenza ngcono yonke inqubo ephethwe yisistimu yokusebenza noma ngisho nokushintsha isu labo uma bekhuluma "ngenguqulo yokugcina yeWindows . "
Ngakho-ke, ngale kwemodeli yokuthuthukiswa esetshenziswa yinkampani, kubhekwa ukuthi i-Windows 11 kuzodingeka ixazulule izinkinga ezithile mayelana nesixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi , okuhlanganisa imiklamo ethile egobile kanye nemenyu yokuqala engaba namathayili okuzikhethela kanye nezithombe ezihlakaniphile.
Ngamanye amazwi, kufanele ibonise ukwakheka okuvumelana ngempela, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye ochwepheshe baphawule ukuthi kungabaluleka kakhulu ukuthi ibe nenjini yokusesha eklanywe kabusha, ama-adaptive cursors, kanye nemodi emnyama (njengoba amapulatifomu amaningi esevele enza).
Amazwana avaliwe.